Good news is that experts know what should be done to benefit public health – promote and effectively implement collaborative TB-HIV activities without delay!
“The collaborative activities that are needed to reduce the joint burden of the two diseases are based around a) decreasing the burden of TB in people infected with HIV, b) decreasing the burden of HIV in patients with TB, and c) establishing mechanisms for collaboration between the two programmes” said Prof Harries.
To improve the response, Prof Harries explains it in the above-mentioned three parts:
A/ FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV
B/ FOR PEOPLE WITH TB
C/ ESTABLISHING MECHANISMS FOR COLLABORATION BETWEEN TB AND HIV PROGRAMMES
A/ FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV
“In people living with HIV (PLHIV) we must prevent TB through two strategies – 1) the three “I’s” and 2) early start of antiretroviral treatment (ART).
The three I’s comprises: 1) Intensified case finding (ICF) 2) Infection control, and 3) Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT).
“In simple terms this means that every time a person with HIV comes to a health facility, we must screen for TB. If we diagnose TB, we need to treat it rapidly thereby breaking transmission” said Prof Harries.
“We must focus on maximising natural ventilation in our clinics, especially those that serve people living with HIV, through big windows, high ceilings, and open skylights. If we are assured there is no TB in our patients, then we must consider giving isoniazid preventive therapy to reduce the risk of TB. The Achilles heel of the “Three I’s” is the capacity to make a reliable diagnosis of TB in people living with HIV and with current technology this capacity is limited” said Prof Harries.
“In all regions of the world, implementation of three I’s is dismal. According to country reports, in 2008, only 9% of HIV-infected people who should have been actively screened for TB were screened, and only 3% of eligible HIV-infected people who should have been offered IPT were given isoniazid” said Prof Anthony Harries.
The “three I’s” is a good strategy, and in all regions of the world it needs scaling up.
“Early start of ART in line with recent WHO recommendations (starting ART at CD4 cell counts of 350 cells/ uL or less) provides a welcome opportunity for getting more patients on to ART before tuberculosis develops and in this way reducing the risk of TB through immune reconstitution” said Prof Harries.
Mathematical modelling has shown that universal HIV testing every year and immediate start of ART can significantly reduce HIV transmission and at the same time significantly lower the risk for TB. This is postulated to work in two ways: immune reconstitution in individuals thereby lowering the individual risk of TB; and by a reduction in viral load, less HIV transmission and less HIV in the community.
“Early start of ART must be promoted everywhere and the model for universal HIV testing and immediate start of ART needs to be assessed for efficacy and feasibility in the field and considered for scaling up” said Prof Harries.
B/ FOR PEOPLE WITH TB
People who might be having TB, need to be diagnosed for HIV too, and ensure that a comprehensive AIDS care package is given.
In high burden countries, there is a need to test all TB patients for HIV (through provider initiated HIV testing) and of those HIV-positive we must provide immediate cotrimoxazole preventive therapy and ART as soon as possible. “The most recent WHO advice issued in November 2009, is to give ART to ALL HIV infected TB patients regardless of CD4 count and to give it as soon as possible after the anti-TB treatment” said Prof Harries.
“Fewer HIV-positive TB patients in the WHO-EURO region were started on cotrimoxazole (61%) compared with Africa (73%) but this may relate to different criteria for use. In all regions around the world, less than one-third of HIV-positive TB patients were started on ART. In 2008, 110,000 of 1.4 million co-infected TB patients received ART – this is less than 10%” said Prof Anthony Harries, from The Union.
“There is a need to promote HIV testing in all diagnosed TB patients, and to ensure that HIV-infected patients start ART. TB suspects without confirmed TB also need to be HIV tested and those who are HIV-infected need to be referred to structured HIV care and treatment” advised Prof Harries.
C/ ESTABLISHING MECHANISMS FOR COLLABORATION BETWEEN TB AND HIV PROGRAMMES
Mechanisms for collaboration between TB and HIV programmes need to be strengthened. “In one area particularly, we need to listen to what HIV-infected TB patients want, and crucially co-locate TB and HIV care services within the same health facility. This will remove major logistical obstacles and costs for co-infected patients particularly on transport issues” remarked Prof Anthony Harries from The Union.
“Our slogan should be – one patient, two diseases, one healthcare facility” concluded Prof Harries.
The XVIII International AIDS Conference (IAC) has the apt theme of “Rights Here, Right Now” and we do believe that rights of people co-infected with TB and HIV will be protected – right to healthcare with dignity.
Bobby Ramakant - CNS
(The author is supported by PANOS Global AIDS Programme and the Stop TB Partnership to write from XVIII IAC)
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