Dr Weiss added: "There are biological mechanisms by which the foreskin increases the risk of HIV. The foreskin is rich in HIV target cells that are particularly attracted to HIV that is why uncircumcised men are at high risk of HIV compared to circumcised men."
CIRCUMCISION IS PARTIALLY PROTECTIVE, NOT COMPLETELY
In Southern Africa which has the highest prevalence of HIV and quite low rates of circumcision, circumcision is being provided medically and voluntarily and being scaled up. "Today over half a million men have been circumcised for HIV prevention in Southern and Eastern Africa. There is no evidence of serious adverse events and no evidence that men changed their sexual behaviour following circumcision. Earlier there was a concern that men might increase their risky behaviour if they think that they are completely protected. So it is important to get the message across that circumcision is partially protective, not completely" said Dr Weiss.
The HIV vaccines, which are currently under research and not yet available, are also likely to be partially protective against HIV. The same might hold true for other HIV prevention tools under research and development such as microbicides. There are important lessons to be learnt on messaging, communication and eventual roll-out of these new HIV prevention technologies when made available from male circumcision scale up.
SCALING UP CIRCUMCISION INCREASES HIV TESTING
"A good aspect of circumcision is that we have a strategy for young heterosexual men that seems to be very acceptable in many settings. Before men are offered circumcision they are asked to get tested for HIV – and a knock-on effect is that it is also increasing the number of young men coming forward for HIV counselling and testing services" said Dr Weiss.
The WHO and UNAIDS played a key role in providing guidelines about how circumcision should be scaled up, providing tools and guidelines which address key issues, holding meetings for people from different countries to get together and share experiences and learning, and also providing a model for liaisoning with communities and other stakeholders, including the ministries of health and impressing upon them the need of strong leadership and political buy-in. "We have learnt a lot in terms of science and public health aspects of scaling up male circumcision and this will inform as vaccine and microbicide research progresses ahead" said Dr Weiss.
TREATMENT AS PREVENTION
Another major turning point in HIV prevention research was when HPTN 052 study results were announced early this year (2011). The HPTN 052 study had found that early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) substantially reduced the risk of HIV transmission within serodiscordant couples. "So if a man is negative and woman is positive for HIV, then she should go for early initiation of ART and if man goes for circumcision there is added benefit in terms of reducing the risk of contracting HIV. We look at these HIV prevention strategies as different strategies such as early initiation of ART, male circumcision, condom promotion, among others and they should be thought of as a package and different individuals can be offered different options or combinations and we tend to think of combination prevention" said Dr Weiss.
In many parts of Africa, male circumcision is done culturally regardless of religion. In West Africa, almost all men are circumcised in infancy, however in Eastern and Sub Saharan Africa circumcision is less common and is being scaled up. Dr Weiss said: "Studies conducted before the trial results showed that about 60% of men are willing to be circumcised if it is done safely and at low cost. Both men and women tend to perceive circumcised men to be more hygienic."
CIRCUMCISION AND HIV PREVENTION AMONG MSM
Whether male circumcision will prevent HIV transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM) depends upon the sexual practices. "Circumcision will not protect a man who is a exclusively or predominantly a receptive partner, however if a man predominantly practices insertive anal intercourse there is growing evidence that circumcision reduces his risk of acquiring HIV" said Dr Weiss.
The year 2011 has indeed given a major thrust to HIV prevention and treatment. With HPTN 052 results, the thrust on ''treatment as prevention' was never so strong. With growing evidence on male circumcision over the past years, early initiation of ART proven to be an effective HIV prevention option, and HIV vaccine and microbicide science progressing ahead, among other existing HIV prevention methods, the mandate to scale up combination prevention was never so strong.
Bobby Ramakant – CNS
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